Which protective factor is associated with lower rates of internalizing and externalizing mental disorders in adolescents?

Parental warmth is recognized as a significant protective factor that contributes to the emotional and psychological well-being of adolescents. This warmth encompasses affection, support, and responsiveness in parent-child relationships. Adolescents who experience high levels of parental warmth tend to develop a secure attachment and are more likely to have positive self-esteem, emotional regulation, and resilience against stressors. As a result, they exhibit lower rates of internalizing disorders, such as anxiety and depression, as well as externalizing disorders, such as aggression and behavioral problems.

Additionally, parental warmth fosters open communication, which enhances adolescents' ability to express their feelings and seek support when needed. This overall nurturing environment not only strengthens the parent-child bond but also equips adolescents with healthier coping mechanisms and interpersonal skills, further reducing the likelihood of mental health issues. In contrast, factors such as parental monitoring, school involvement, and peer support, while beneficial, do not have the same direct correlation with the internal emotional landscape and resilience that parental warmth provides.